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The Application of Textiles in Rubber(《橡胶的织物增强》的原版)7 P m1 I% N! o# {0 z0 [4 E+ _2 ^- Z
Contents) w _* a, @6 _1 y: G5 I
Preface ................................................................................................................... 17 k% F7 E: C) Z7 q: v' v
1 Historical Background ..................................................................................... 3
' v* L4 M% l p$ K# f. f& P4 hIntroduction ..................................................................................................... 3
3 S, |( G% ^8 D5 e" H/ y2 O$ v1.1 The Textile Industry ................................................................................ 3
0 n* \8 D: g6 T( ^" r: n! E1.2 The Rubber Industry............................................................................... 6
n# w* n% E! m5 n$ r1.3 Textile and Rubber Composites ............................................................ 10
7 n. V* @) R8 c3 L0 p N8 MReferences ...................................................................................................... 13
9 N" a1 U# S% a# e6 `0 q' f2 Production and Properties of Textile Yarns .................................................... 15
7 P0 v; ]2 V& X" \7 M' tIntroduction ................................................................................................... 158 R" ]+ t& m7 W, i9 ]! F
2.1 Production Methods for Textile Fibres ................................................. 158 A8 X% `5 S, @% N: M, V
2.1.1 Cotton ...................................................................................... 15
( ]' h' b8 G. d1 T( `* i2.1.2 Rayon ....................................................................................... 21
& B: n/ I, D" S, Y6 ?" L/ B2.1.3 Nylon ....................................................................................... 244 u% h$ X3 P; y, A7 t# s$ N8 r4 w+ O2 D
2.1.4 Polyester ................................................................................... 26
0 \/ \1 W. b1 j. k. ]- S2 q/ v2.1.5 Aramid ..................................................................................... 28. g5 A5 {+ `6 Y V" I4 \
2.2 General Characteristics of Textile Fibres .................................................. 30! L4 Y: R: A* h, b4 W$ r7 o3 F0 j
2.2.1 Cotton ...................................................................................... 30
; ~; r3 T' Y5 M' W, Y2 {2 V2.2.2 Rayon ....................................................................................... 32$ ?0 T# Q8 j& C9 `" N. p
2.2.3 Nylon ....................................................................................... 331 r8 v0 E" j$ Q
2.2.4 Polyester ................................................................................... 34
( @# ^ R+ U k4 _2.2.5 Aramid ..................................................................................... 35
( L( t- @* L% u5 ?+ d3 Y& ~2.3 General Physical Properties of Textile Fibres ........................................ 36
9 @+ K' Z( d1 K) V" P2.3.1 Cotton ...................................................................................... 36' c/ g$ r4 J6 A7 O5 |2 M
The Application of Textiles in Rubber7 L0 O$ d$ c( } _
ii
0 F( P7 ^2 G( _* V( m7 l) e6 A2.3.2 Rayon ....................................................................................... 38. G1 n" x, a4 ^! A
2.3.3 Nylon ....................................................................................... 39
$ {3 f* I! N* u2.3.4 Polyester ................................................................................... 40
* P7 u; m8 {& A, z2.3.5 Aramid ..................................................................................... 40
2 x% m- \/ ^. {) B% R* f- [; h8 J% dReferences ...................................................................................................... 406 r0 N2 c, N. Z: ?9 E
3 Yarn and Cord Processes ................................................................................ 41
% `; Z# h% L V# e d+ g% iIntroduction ................................................................................................... 41/ p4 ^! Y2 K8 \- k5 F: @
3.1 Yarn Preparation Methods.................................................................... 41
2 {, t% N" R; k7 V& `3.1.1 Twisting .................................................................................... 42" t; \7 \' h! z9 t' n4 O. D$ B( r
3.1.2 Texturing .................................................................................. 491 D% d. n |* w$ @+ b5 W( A' Y
3.2 Warp Preparation ................................................................................. 52& ^: k# _2 h, n) \) j, R6 g. U* D
3.2.1 Direct Warping ......................................................................... 53
9 c7 w4 x8 ]# d: q# v4 b/ @2 P3.2.2 Sectional Warping ..................................................................... 54
( ]3 _3 e3 b: f% ~3 Z' v1 k; ?2 G3.3 Sizing ....................................................................................................... 57( U% v% R' a% W/ P. v& M/ n
4 Fabric Formation and Design of Fabrics ........................................................ 592 P) V7 s! f8 B! Q
Introduction ................................................................................................... 59
4 j6 v" P0 e- h. k$ L2 i( Q4.1 Fabric Formation .................................................................................. 592 I+ T1 Z, n: [/ S$ n) r% e: x/ {3 P
4.1.1 Weaving .................................................................................... 59
: ]* A% Q y% R5 _- d1 Y" ~, _4.1.2 Knitting .................................................................................... 64
2 c# N2 F7 P3 G, f; P3 H" ~ M4.1.3 Non-Woven Fabrics .................................................................. 689 x1 c L+ a% r3 S. Z) ?7 r
4.2 The Design of Woven Fabrics ............................................................... 70
( D& ]+ @, Q. ]0 z0 R4.2.1 Physical Property Requirements................................................ 70
. r% L/ t2 M* x4.2.2 Selection of Fibre Type.............................................................. 71( V6 S6 F; _5 r. r
4.2.3 Selection of Fabric Construction ............................................... 74/ n; T! l: U. k
5 Heat-Setting and Adhesive Treatments ........................................................... 83/ [' ]& ?$ V* D
Introduction ................................................................................................... 83. Z5 G3 G; Y! `$ B2 n$ [; P
5.1 Heat-Setting Machinery ........................................................................ 835 X. h3 z7 M- n8 b. R _
iii
. t4 w$ |6 \, w% ?1 N* wContents
4 B, [% t) g8 C) K5.2 Heat-Setting .......................................................................................... 90
6 ^" Y2 a( Q3 Y) f: D6 L5 m5.3 Adhesive Treatment .............................................................................. 94+ M6 ^& ?- A( R7 u
5.3.1 Cotton ...................................................................................... 94& M9 r5 |: Y' B+ P( ~4 W5 T4 k k+ m% H
5.3.2 Rayon ....................................................................................... 95: S/ J, `/ h% `0 z O
5.3.3 Nylon ....................................................................................... 98
, \" }* e; ~1 Y5.3.4 Polyester ................................................................................... 99
4 Z: p6 I* N# U! _& G5.3.5 Aramid ................................................................................... 101% U. a' {6 C. f0 R# ~6 {7 l
5.4 The In Situ Bonding System ................................................................ 102
: y$ t- U6 ~8 ^7 L' z. m7 g5.5 Mechanisms of Adhesion .................................................................... 103& E8 e2 T6 p. B
5.6 Environmental Factors Affecting Adhesion ......................................... 107
' o! S8 o+ k* q- u2 FAppendix V Interfacial Compatibility .......................................................... 109- E, @( v' k' H9 C1 ^+ h, _& \; \
References .................................................................................................... 112
( D6 O) {* Z1 L7 s+ ^, ?6 Basic Rubber Compounding and Composite Assembly ................................ 113& W7 Q/ V$ A* X* A# W
6.1 Compounding ..................................................................................... 1133 N7 n4 m7 `8 k# N8 V
6.1.1 Polymers ................................................................................. 113
% z& t8 s& y; a* ~+ _6.1.2 Curing Systems ....................................................................... 114
@" l7 ?' K" ?8 K6.1.3 Fillers ...................................................................................... 116
! F) n2 U+ ~7 x8 g9 }% Y9 {6.1.4 Antidegradants ....................................................................... 117( o6 {* R% P% o5 K8 E
6.1.5 Other Compounding Ingredients ............................................ 117" R: r5 u3 ^9 }; K+ y' P+ |6 x
6.2 Processing ........................................................................................... 117
5 T1 y- K# P3 P; Q9 q/ a- \6 x- n0 d6.3 Composite Assembly........................................................................... 118. Y9 l' E# y9 f
6.3.1 Calendering ............................................................................ 118
% J) c2 Q* t6 K: P6 ?& q7 i6.3.2 Coating ................................................................................... 124
/ U8 x" \( x% W& h/ ^. ?& fReferences .................................................................................................... 127% R) j: u, { O
7 Assessment of Adhesion ............................................................................... 129" [, j* f( o' i# N9 ^# m0 _* [
Introduction ................................................................................................. 1295 e2 Z, _' G& b/ i o
7.1 Cord Tests ........................................................................................... 1297 P3 j& |- \. \" ?' D# G
The Application of Textiles in Rubber
6 F6 G5 l2 B( H/ T/ R2 }7 K& J% t2 Xiv
7 |' p6 x# @$ Y7.1.1 Pull-Out Tests ......................................................................... 130
% k* w" W v w: n: W7.1.2 Cord Peel Test ......................................................................... 1303 ]4 [% p w& s5 e; K' v
7.2 Fabric Test Methods ........................................................................... 133
1 I6 Z2 P0 k$ @4 x7.3 Testing and Interpretation of Results .................................................. 1388 I% A% G) F _6 q# Y; G* j6 F. s W
7.4 Adhesion Tests for Lightweight Fabrics and Coatings......................... 140/ [3 D5 i( Q1 q% C# J
7.5 Peeling by Dead-Weight Loading ........................................................ 142
( Y# j/ O$ L" m: W1 ? C* j* k7.6 Direct Tension Testing of Adhesion .................................................... 1438 i: ~" b- Z( h; H& K
7.7 Adhesion and Fatigue Testing ............................................................. 145: N% ?7 b: u) o- @" P
7.8 Assessment of Penetration into the Textile Structure ........................... 146
! R" p$ ]+ K k: vAppendix VII: The Physics of Peeling ........................................................... 1488 d V$ |+ e) r6 F
References .................................................................................................... 153
6 z7 U' A+ v! Y" E% y: y4 d8 Conveyor Belting ......................................................................................... 155
; g5 m4 U8 Q! `: RIntroduction ................................................................................................. 155. {8 d- y7 D# u- T% x+ z/ p
8.1 Belt Construction and Operation ........................................................ 160
0 C% D; v, z6 @- ~) g8.1.1 Carcase ................................................................................... 160
, N A+ r: L: b; M7 s4 k& F8.1.2 Insulation ................................................................................ 161" H1 K6 R+ h4 q! V! E7 [! v
8.1.3 Covers .................................................................................... 162, B l6 y1 H' U
8.2 Belt Design .......................................................................................... 1659 [6 Y& [5 R4 R% }% G3 X$ }5 X
8.2.1 Plied Belting ............................................................................ 167
. ]" N0 w* V; a& W/ D8.2.2 Single-Ply and Solid-Woven Belting ........................................ 171
4 i, i" X& j# D6 F8.2.3 Steel Cord Belting ...................................................................... 172
: {2 N0 Z; u7 ^, Z9 [& N3 O8.3 Belting Manufacture ........................................................................... 172
) O0 w X# Y5 I8.3.1 Belt Building ........................................................................... 173
" \0 j, I' d+ G9 j+ O5 Y/ U8.3.2 Pressing and Curing ................................................................ 1738 z+ \5 _, ^$ Z3 G- @" F
8.3.3 Belt Joining ............................................................................. 178
I6 g6 B/ S G2 k8.4 Belt Testing ......................................................................................... 1825 K5 e& x/ A h3 h+ a/ K4 ~3 l# `
8.4.1 Tensile Strength and Elongation .................................... 182& s0 i! w4 q1 [
v# O% `$ v5 w/ @9 v: W
Contents
: d; e+ a% \' M8 P& o8.4.2 Gauge ........................................................................... 183
/ z5 H5 P' L3 m8.4.3 Adhesion ...................................................................... 183
: d0 s; c! i& t7 H8.4.4 Abrasion ....................................................................... 183' g8 J2 x6 g) W# d) p
8.4.5 Troughability ................................................................ 183) E9 t+ q, b w7 u
8.4.6 Fire Resistance .............................................................. 183; I& c0 m; X: b! @ x ]: f+ ?# E
References .................................................................................................... 1843 l" L/ G0 X: m! K( t( m
9 Hose............................................................................................................. 187
8 B3 P5 C# h& c1 J/ }Introduction ................................................................................................. 1877 k+ G7 _5 m- Y7 Z
9.1 Hose Manufacture .............................................................................. 1884 _4 h; |9 t w3 `
9.1.1 Braiding .................................................................................. 188
0 u3 ^, c& `! d: A9.1.2 Spiralling ................................................................................ 190
3 {" B% N" r0 u1 u9.1.3 Wrapped Hose ........................................................................ 1916 t1 C: l3 v v' T% j- L9 X6 ]
9.1.4 Knitted Hose........................................................................... 192- }. c: G1 i0 F( ]7 G6 x9 T& k
9.1.5 Oil Suction and Discharge Hose ............................................. 192$ ~5 G0 K$ F. x0 {
9.1.6 Circular Woven Hose.............................................................. 193
7 S5 y1 i. u+ X2 P; v6 PAppendix IX ................................................................................................ 195
! _0 G6 o6 B7 k+ bi. Neutral Angle .................................................................................. 1956 t2 Z! p% U; u ~& N. Q
ii. Bursting Pressure ....................................................................... 196
" X' L1 V0 u+ Z5 O9 d# j- {10 Power Transmission Belts ............................................................................. 199
/ r* U; W6 }3 U7 X$ E) m1 {Introduction ................................................................................................. 199
+ C0 ^: N5 C$ a; D5 Q, t+ Y10.1 Main Types of Power Transmission Belts ............................................ 200
! f- l D( k/ r10.1.1 V-Belts .................................................................................... 200
2 S; a/ K! t' t0 @! [, A, ]( u, K10.1.2 Timing Belts ............................................................................ 203( ~. F \' b, b. E/ T0 J
10.1.3 Flat Belting ............................................................................. 203/ e4 \" s/ p8 C. o
10.1.4 Cut-Length Belting.................................................................. 205
. q+ C% P: F$ g2 S10.2 Manufacture of Power Transmission Belting ...................................... 206" g1 }( n+ h, U, C1 @ D/ F8 Z
10.2.1 Manufacture of V-Belts ........................................................... 206
6 y5 ~& U# Z! e+ |) s6 [$ L10.2.2 Manufacture of Timing Belts .................................................. 209
% z5 ?2 G5 J& t! L/ vThe Application of Textiles in Rubber* I* L) d! P8 H( j4 Q
vi) ?4 q* H: c: s1 @
10.3 Effect of the Textile Reinforcement on Belt Performance .................... 2096 d1 ^5 j0 y& [8 x# R
References .................................................................................................... 212" B3 a# b9 e- A2 P/ ~2 K- r1 ]- s
11 Applications of Coated Fabrics .................................................................... 213
7 ?) u, ? \& P; R) cIntroduction ................................................................................................. 213
# A& t9 L5 ~' v# D6 L2 }11.1 Inflatable Structures ............................................................................ 214
1 {) I2 q- q- q- f% u11.1.1 Inflatable Boats ....................................................................... 214
; u! |2 \5 s- X4 h11.1.2 Oil Booms............................................................................... 218
: o2 ~% V& s9 n! n* r: B11.1.3 Inflatable Dams ...................................................................... 219+ L) y8 R2 ~% H! y. L i: {
11.1.4 Inflatable Buildings ................................................................. 220
# D6 j; s; z6 \2 W) K- v11.1.5 Dunnage Bags ......................................................................... 221
( Q7 O7 L: @" Z11.2 Non-Inflated Structures ...................................................................... 2224 U) [2 Q1 v& u+ f6 E
11.2.1 Reservoir and Pond Liners ...................................................... 222% P$ Q2 O8 ~+ r e* c
11.2.2 Flexible Storage Tanks ............................................................ 223- \( s) J! T5 g. q/ }& A
11.2.3 Supported Building Structures ................................................ 223
$ q8 \# u, X5 X: O7 i3 x: Q3 dReferences .................................................................................................... 224
) d7 r$ P8 O3 e3 A3 S: R; t12 Miscellaneous Applications of Textiles in Rubber ........................................ 225) L6 I7 D# n3 c/ J7 l! y3 y- o. Z
Introduction ................................................................................................. 225
% h* \, s v9 `" X12.1 Hovercraft Skirts ................................................................................ 225
1 m! U& n" o6 |2 }$ k; Q12.1.1 Types of Skirt .......................................................................... 226
% [# f8 i A) _3 A, { L+ E" n12.2 Air Brake Chamber Diaphragms......................................................... 229
% s6 x6 K; |/ z: k# w+ [! ?& [12.3 Snowmobile Tracks ............................................................................. 230
9 ^1 t9 x( [9 J! aReferences .................................................................................................... 2319 [$ `( R% L: s! I
Abbreviations and Acronyms............................................................................. 233
: C$ \8 ~% v& n' |9 aGlossary ............................................................................................................ 234
( T. c5 c* V5 ^Index ................................................................................................................. 239 |
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