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Contents( S9 N9 @6 B- K/ y$ U
Section 1 Glossary of Rubber Terms ………………………………………... 14 b4 ^+ U$ q7 w1 Z0 M. Y
Conversion Factors for Units of Measurement ………………………………….. 67
* W! q' f/ g- f7 NSection 2 Specific Gravities of Some Rubbers8 Z8 i+ |" S6 h5 U
and Compounding Ingredients ……..…………………………... 69
. r: k4 D- l- M; r+ Z2.1 Specific Gravities of Some Compounding Ingredients ……………….….. 71
# l n2 U( u, k$ O' |- o3 h2.2 Specific Gravities of Rubbers ………………………………………………. 74% a ]8 P; V. |: G) b
Section 3 Rubbers …………………………………………………………….. 75
# d* W# J- r/ y% @2 ^8 a6 z# f3.1 Natural Rubber (NR) ………………………………………………...………. 77
5 K: e0 T$ B' R( ]% s. E3.2 Polyisoprene (synthetic natural rubber) (IR) …………………………….… 79
* f1 z$ }1 X7 x2 E5 ^) S3.3 Polybutadiene (BR) ……………………………………………………..…... 802 ^) D( T( ~" d7 }
3.4 Nitrile Rubbers (NBR/HNBR) ………………………………………..……... 81
2 ]& v4 a- N2 t/ u9 D3 z" s! @7 _3.5 Epichlorohydrin Polymers (CO/ECO/ETER) ………………………………. 83
5 y0 O- T) d! H! Y5 M* Y3.6 Polychloroprene (CR) ………………………………………………..……… 84
, l7 {7 b* g$ B" ]2 c3.7 Polynorbornene …………………………………………………………….... 86
* @; v3 C: E* d3.8 Butyl Rubbers (IIR/BIIR/CIIR) ……………………………………….…….... 87
- K8 S& x4 [9 a* K" f0 n) R3.9 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) ………………………………………….. 88
- l) y3 `! R0 B5 c3.10 Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPM/EPDM) ……………………………...… 89# a8 D3 X( G4 }
3.11 Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE, CM) ………………………………………. 91! B- W0 T Q# h& X d; V
3.12 Chlorosulphonated Polyethylene (CSM, CSPE) ………………………….. 92
( {# f/ }- N8 G% Q3.13 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (EVA, EAM) ………………………….. 93
* q! V3 g, O3 v# E! r3 f1 X& `3.14 Ethylene-Acrylic Rubber (EACM, AEM) ………………………………...…. 93
& Z1 n. ]& ^9 A* i5 j V0 L3.15 Polyacrylate Rubbers (ACM) ………………………………………..….…... 94
( T$ [ _" m/ p) Z- q6 J& S3.16 Silicone Rubbers (MQ, VMQ, FVMQ, PVMQ) …………………………….. 96( d. N9 {6 u/ o
3.17 Ebonite ………………………………………………………………………… 971 H6 ?( J/ Y* y( Y. \+ b+ }) J
3.18 Polysulphide Rubber (OT, EOT) ……………………………………………. 98
0 X/ L, j2 p8 _7 {3.19 Propylene Oxide-Allyl Glycidyl Ether Copolymer (PO, GPO) …………… 99
7 |0 @; {- |# S9 l% X# a3.20 Polyurethane Elastomers (AU, EU, PU) …..……………………………... 100$ s+ a' ?/ ]' i& j
3.21 Fluorocarbon Rubber (FPM, FKM) …………………………………….…. 103( P9 R) b) E. B5 u
3.22 Thermoplastic Elastomers - General Description ……………………..... 106
`! m9 C0 ~: v5 W. c; N9 e) z3.23 Thermoplastic Urethane Elastomers (TPAU, TPEU, TPU) …………….. 109
$ Q% R* l8 x/ C: l7 p) I9 b3.24 Styrenic Block Copolymers: SBS and SIS ……………………………….. 111
7 w9 L% \; L( Q e1 M6 U3.25 Styrenic Block Copolymers: SEBS ………………………………...……... 112. j& K7 ]3 x; _ x# M3 Z
3.26 Copolyether Ester TPE …………………………………………..………... 113
+ T3 `/ V4 K7 x; r! ]) x% _3.27 Polyester Amide TPE …………………………………………………..….. 114
Rubber basics.pdf
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- B8 H# i! i% i. ?" eSection 4 Rubber Compounding Ingredients …………………………… 117
$ Z) P0 V9 @2 t* ]: e5 g4.1 Accelerators ……………………………………………………………..….. 121
6 h; M8 ]' n5 I; t6 z, L4.2 Activators ……………………………………………………………………. 123' S. ]! P# h* y3 U4 D+ _" t8 j
4.3 Antidegradants ……………………………………………………………… 126/ I) i* H( q3 z
4.4 Antireversion Agents ……………………………………………………….. 128
+ x& r+ r) a! ?' i0 A* B: N! D4.5 Antistatic Agents ……………………………………………………………. 128
l0 o3 M: H/ m- ?" t4.6 Biocides and Fungicides …………………………………………………… 128
! M9 G# j4 x9 j) z% L q& y6 H4.7 Blowing Agents ……………………………………………………………… 1292 S9 E$ Q/ j9 w
4.8 Bonding Additives …………………………………………………………... 131
" r" [3 g5 N9 c4.9 Deodorants and Reodorants ………………………………………………. 132
9 C' M2 o2 \0 h( e3 f4 ?" u0 S4.10 Desiccants …………………………………………………………………… 1327 m( T# ?* E4 m- `& _* G
4.11 Dusting and Anti-Tack Agents …………………………………………….. 1329 y* ]: C( O; c! W! Z8 g `, g
4.12 Factice ……………………………………………………………………….. 133
) B' ?9 l% P' N6 K4.13 Fillers ………………………………………………………………………… 134
# v7 L9 K: f, X- ]4.14 Fire Retardants ……………………………………………………………… 1410 @+ ^ Q9 c0 o! V$ w g1 e" G) f
4.15 Peroxides ……………………………………………………………………. 142" \0 |1 L% M6 h4 p. s8 O$ l
4.16 Petroleum Oils ………………………………………………………………. 144
8 @- w) n Y1 f- Z$ H: t4 {2 P4.17 Pigments …………………………………………………………………….. 147
[( |% ~# h* a% W# n4.18 Plasticisers for Polar Synthetic Rubbers …………………………………. 1484.19 Prevulcanisation Inhibitors ………………………………………………… 149( M) v% V7 D+ L/ ?8 U; v2 _; \+ B
4.20 Process Additives …………………………………………………………... 149
8 R* g' m! U5 E7 g) I4.21 Release Agents …………………………………………………………….. 151
* U7 q1 B8 |, j4.22 Resins ……………………………………………………………………….. 151
: |" S$ @6 Q0 O) V; b% n3 Q4.23 Vulcanising Agents …………………………………………………………. 1533 l% W6 ]/ z* M( W9 L) z% }
4.24 Waxes ……………………………………………………………………….. 154
5 O- A. d$ P \5 G% v$ TSection 5 Rubber Processing Equipment …………….………………….. 157# W2 t- R* x7 k c2 C7 I5 A& x
5.1 Autoclaves ……………………………………….…………….……………. 161
; R, [- r0 W `1 ^5.2 Cable Manufacturing ………………………………...….………………….. 161; w& O) r% d6 o- O
5.3 Calenders ………………………..……………………….………………….. 162
, a* @: b# [8 o3 n# q5.4 Compound Drying/Cooling ………………………..……………………….. 164
0 }0 R2 i- ]' R4 E$ y5.5 Compression Moulding Presses ………………………………………...... 1654 a2 ]' _3 O2 M9 P2 e( z
5.6 Continuous Vulcanisation ………………………..………………………… 1653 A4 w( j6 {& W) j. w
5.7 Conveyors, Material/Haul-Off ……………………………………………… 167
* ^7 u% z# ~0 d3 G5.8 Cutting Equipment ………………………..………………………………… 167
7 T0 B2 o7 N& Q3 I2 j1 Z7 F& ]5.9 Deflashing ………………………..………………………………………….. 168
4 M8 D3 d% N. a+ w' {7 R6 r0 Y1 \5.10 Dipping ………………………..……………………………………………… 168
1 I( B- C, a( ]+ S9 Z: s5.11 Dusting Devices ………………………..…………………………………… 170% `6 ^; E# v" |9 c% O' M3 e
5.12 Extruders, Cavity Transfer Mixer ………………………………………….. 170
6 N7 h- H* | o$ M0 x% G5.13 Extruders, Cold-Feed ………………………………………………………. 171
7 @- {3 D% A+ `* x0 G5 m5.14 Extruders, Dump/Pelletiser/Strainer/Roller Die ………………………….. 172
: W' P# l' Z- F1 V; \5.15 Extruders, Gear Pump ………………………..……………………………. 173" L* \# L/ {. i) `# _0 Y4 y
5.16 Extruders, Heads and Dies ………………………..………………………. 1745 @0 H* ]- J2 R! ^- y' g
5.17 Extruders, Hot-Feed ………………………..………………………………. 1748 ?6 ?% M1 g; ?3 Q0 h
5.18 Extruders, Mixers ………………………..……………….…………………. 175
: n/ U6 h6 B. l2 ?% M5.19 Extruders, Piggy Back Systems …………………………………………… 176
, ?1 n9 v6 j& i# O) m( q/ V5.20 Extruders, Pin Barrel ………………………..……………………………… 176
* B; q' Z: b! o5 \; ^" |5.21 Extruders, Ram ………………………..……………………………………. 177; i4 \) ] M- \
5.22 Extruders, Vacuum ………………………..………………….…………….. 177
6 ?( S0 [% b+ M: n* F, o7 w5.23 Granulators/Shredders/Grinders ………………………………………….. 178
+ v2 i* g( z i' E+ [# n5.24 Hose Machinery ………………………..…………………………………… 179
$ @* q# B2 z, \2 ?/ K5.25 Hydraulic Drives ………………………..…………………………………… 180
8 q; K4 N- J: g4 ]5.26 Injection Moulding Machines ……………………..……………………….. 180
4 { r9 _+ ?- F5 O, P: c5.27 Internal Mixers ………………………..……………………….…………….. 183
% D3 {0 e7 e0 S: @; X# U5.28 Laboratory Processing Equipment ………………………….…………….. 1854 J; D0 w Q7 x" n" T
5.29 Marking Devices ………………………..…………………………………… 185
* w3 @ N) e7 R+ N+ y/ G7 A5.30 Metal Preparation for Bonding …………………………………………….. 186) o. T7 h7 Y% J. C. [
5.31 Microwave Heating …………………………………………………………. 187
9 y' Q( c: ^% D5.32 Mills, Cracker ………………………………………………………………... 187
' d2 v* I) ]7 |5.33 Mills, Mixing …………………………………………………………………. 187" p4 b3 B/ F6 F& ~% K' V6 Q- j( n
5.34 Mills, Stock Blenders ……………………………………………………….. 188
7 s) `% ?, B* B/ l8 g* R: Z+ t5.35 Mixers for Rubber Cement/Dough and Solution ………………………… 189; e0 z _, [9 |, e) X' r5 c S* g
5.36 Mould Cleaning ………………………..……………………………………. 190
* L, N! E" F' }7 y: x1 J: Z$ J2 G5.37 Moulds ………………………..……………………………………………… 190" i0 K, P9 v( v
5.38 Ovens for Cure, Post-Cure and Ageing Applications …………………… 191
8 `" K0 @$ B4 A+ g+ k5.39 Preheating Bales ………………………..………………………………….. 191% S' o" j7 S, Q& i8 x
5.40 Preheaters Other Than Microwave ……………………………………….. 191: n7 q, z1 Z' X L8 w+ {
5.41 Presses, Lead ………………………..……………………………………… 192
/ Z- n$ ?. _) y9 W5 z0 c7 E; K5.42 Presses, Rotary Curing ………………………..…………………………… 192
( L3 Z1 Q; ~" P$ J5.43 Spreading/Coating Machines ………………………..……...…………….. 192
. j2 L: L5 i7 F5 a5.44 Temperature Control Units ………………………………………………… 193! Z; I! ?- k5 w; _: C
5.45 Thickness Gauges ………………………………………………………….. 193
- K9 F; r s3 H, K% B5.46 Transfer Moulding ………………………………………………………….. 1945 D7 I6 y7 [* }
5.47 Tyre Building Equipment ………………………..…………………………. 195' J1 X) ?* g; I7 n0 G+ E( z1 s* b' ~
5.48 Tyre Retreading Equipment ……………………………………………….. 196
4 v4 q4 n% l9 j1 j9 j, p. \5.49 Weighing Equipment ……………………………………………………….. 197
( W0 C2 ]' g7 |! [& |Index ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 199 |
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