Rubber Analysis

moonlight · 发表于 2009-8-14 22:03:01

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Rubber Analysis – Polymers,Compounds and Products
ISBN: 1-85957-305-3
M. J. Forrest
(Rapra Technology Ltd)
Contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Additional Information ........................................................................................................................ 5
2 Analytical Techniques .............................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Wet Chemistry Techniques .................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Specific Instrumental Techniques ........................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Spectroscopic Techniques .................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy .................................................................................................... 6
2.3.2 Ultraviolet Light Spectroscopy .............................................................................................. 8
2.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy ............................................................. 8
2.3.4 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) ............................................................................... 8
2.3.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) ............................................................................. 8
2.3.6 Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy ......................................................................................... 8
2.4 Chromatographic Techniques .............................................................................................................. 9
2.4.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) ............................................................. 9
2.4.2 Gas Chromatography (GC) .................................................................................................... 9
2.4.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) ............................................................ 9
2.4.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) ............................................................................... 9
2.4.5 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) ...................................................................................... 9
2.5 Thermal Techniques ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) ........................................................................... 10
2.5.2 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) ............................................................... 10
2.5.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) .....................................................................................11
2.6 Elemental Techniques .........................................................................................................................11
2.7 Microscopy Techniques ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.8 Miscellaneous Techniques ................................................................................................................. 12
3 Characterisation of Rubber Polymers ................................................................................................. 12
3.1 Determination of Molecular Weight .................................................................................................. 12
3.1.1 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) ............................................................................. 12
3.1.2 Viscosity ............................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.3 Osmometry ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.4 Light Scattering .................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.5 Miscellaneous Techniques ................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Monomer Types and Microstructure .................................................................................................. 15

4 Determination of the Principal Components in a Rubber Compound ............................................. 15
4.1 Determination of the Base Polymer ................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Determination of Plasticiser/Oil ........................................................................................................ 18
4.3 Determination of Fillers ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.3.1 Carbon Black ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.3.2 Inorganic Fillers ................................................................................................................... 19
5 Carbon Black.......................................................................................................................................... 20
5.1 Analysis of Free Carbon Black .......................................................................................................... 21
5.1.1 Particulate and Aggregate Size ............................................................................................21
5.1.2 Total Surface Area ................................................................................................................ 21
5.1.3 External Surface Area .......................................................................................................... 22
5.1.4 Miscellaneous Analytical Techniques .................................................................................. 22
5.2 Analysis of Carbon Black in Rubber Vulcanisates ............................................................................ 22
5.2.1 Isolation of Carbon Black from a Vulcanisate ..................................................................... 22
5.2.2 Total Surface Area Tests on Recovered Black ..................................................................... 22
5.2.3 External Surface Area Test on Recovered Black ................................................................. 23
5.2.4 Quantification of Carbon Black in Rubber Vulcanisates ..................................................... 23
5.2.5 Dispersion of Carbon Black Within Rubber Products ......................................................... 23
6 Determination of Antidegradants in a Rubber Compound ............................................................... 24
6.1 UV Stabilisers .................................................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Antioxidants ....................................................................................................................................... 24
6.3 Antiozonants ...................................................................................................................................... 25
7 Determination of Cure System Additives and Their Breakdown Products ...................................... 26
7.1 Analysis of Uncured Samples ............................................................................................................ 26
7.2 Analysis of Cured Samples ................................................................................................................ 27
8 Determination of Miscellaneous Compound Additives ...................................................................... 28
8.1 Blowing Agents.................................................................................................................................. 28
8.2 Flame Retardants ............................................................................................................................... 29
8.3 Process Aids ....................................................................................................................................... 29
8.3.1 Plasticisers and Oils ............................................................................................................. 29
8.3.2 Factice .................................................................................................................................. 29
8.3.3 Resins ................................................................................................................................... 30
8.3.4 Pine Tar ................................................................................................................................ 30
9 Cure State Studies .................................................................................................................................. 31
10 Reverse Engineering and Product Deformulation .............................................................................. 32
10.1 Initial Suite of Tests ......................................................................................................................... 32
10.1.1 Quantitative Solvent Extraction ......................................................................................... 32
10.1.2 Ash Content ........................................................................................................................ 32
10.1.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis .............................................................................................. 32
10.1.4 Infrared Spectroscopy ........................................................................................................ 32
10.1.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy .................................................................................... 33
10.1.6 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy ......................................................................... 33
10.2 Results From the Initial Suite of Tests ............................................................................................. 33
10.3 Additional Tests ............................................................................................................................... 37
10.3.1 Elemental Determinations .................................................................................................. 37
10.3.2 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance .......................................................................... 37
10.4 Results From the Additional Tests ................................................................................................... 37
10.5 Summary of the Data on the Sample ............................................................................................... 38
11 Surface Blooms and Product Contaminants ....................................................................................... 39
11.1 Surface Blooms ................................................................................................................................ 39
11.2 Product Contaminants ...................................................................................................................... 40
12 Analysis of Rubber Latices ................................................................................................................... 40
12.1 Quality Control Tests ....................................................................................................................... 40
12.1.1 Alkalinity............................................................................................................................ 40
12.1.2 pH....................................................................................................................................... 40
12.1.3 Potassium Hydroxide Number ........................................................................................... 41
12.1.4 Volatile Fatty Acid Number (VFA) .................................................................................... 41
12.1.5 Carbon Dioxide Number ....................................................................................................41
12.1.6 Non-Volatile Acids (NVA) .................................................................................................41
12.1.7 Higher Fatty Acids (HFA) .................................................................................................. 41
12.2 Chemical Stability Tests .................................................................................................................. 41
12.2.1 Natural Rubber Latices ...................................................................................................... 41
12.2.2 Synthetic Rubber Latices ................................................................................................... 41
12.3 Polymer Composition of Synthetic Latices ..................................................................................... 42
12.3.1 Bound Styrene Content ...................................................................................................... 42
12.3.2 Bound Acrylonitrile Content ..............................................................................................42
12.3.3 Volatile Monomers ............................................................................................................. 42
12.4 Particulate Property Tests ................................................................................................................ 42
12.4.1 Viscosity ............................................................................................................................. 42
12.4.2 Surface Tension .................................................................................................................. 42
12.4.3 Soap Content ...................................................................................................................... 43
12.4.4 Soap Deficiency ................................................................................................................. 43
12.4.5 Particle Size ....................................................................................................................... 43
12.5 Miscellaneous Chemical Tests ......................................................................................................... 43
13 Failure Diagnosis .................................................................................................................................... 43
13.1 Compositional Problems .................................................................................................................. 44
13.2 Contamination Problems.................................................................................................................. 44
13.3 Odour and Emissions Problems ....................................................................................................... 44
14 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 46
APPENDIX 1 Standard Nomenclature System for Rubbers .................................................................... 47
APPENDIX 2 International Rubber Analysis Standards (ISO) ............................................................... 49
APPENDIX 3 Glass Transition Temperatures of Rubbers ........................................................................ 54
APPENDIX 4 Maximum Service Temperatures and Relative Stabilities of Different
Rubber Types to Various Degradation Agencies ......................................................................................... 55
APPENDIX 5 Solubility Parameters of Rubbers and Typical Solvents ................................................... 55
APPENDIX 6 Specific Gravities of Rubbers and Compounding Ingredients ......................................... 56
Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... 58
References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ......................................................................................... 61
Index ............................................................................................................................................................. 137
8.4 Peroxide Co-agents ............................................................................................................................ 30

laker · 发表于 2009-8-14 22:06:18

站个沙发，呵呵，LZ有没有中文版的啊

moonlight · 发表于 2009-8-14 22:06:58

Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance

Volume 12, Number 8, 2002
M.S. Evans
==============
没有啊，就当学学英语吧，熟悉橡胶的话，单词不懂但一看就能猜出来

宋军 · 发表于 2009-8-14 22:39:09

我一个字都不认识

有谁能告诉讲的是什么吗？

haoweigang · 发表于 2009-8-15 07:04:58

楼主好人做到底咯
《Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance 》
这个关于轮胎的也免费哈

==============
楼主我下了两次都不能下啊
扣了10分了

能发到我邮箱吗haoweigang03030423@163.com
谢谢了

wuxiwire · 发表于 2009-8-15 08:42:42

这本书从目录看主要讲的分析方法，对橡胶高聚物、混炼胶以及产品；

moonlight · 发表于 2009-8-16 21:00:34

不下也罢，里面没什么，给你另外一本吧

yuansui · 发表于 2011-1-20 11:10:44

感谢楼主分享，

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